Publications of Kazimierz M. Slomczynski
Requests for reprints should be addressed to slomczynski.1@osu.edu

1. Books in English (Tables of Contents)
 1A. Monographs (1A-01 - 1A-04)
 1B. Edited Volumes (1B-01 - 1B-06)

2. Books in Polish (Tables of Contents)
 2A. Monographs (2A-01 - 2A-10)
 2B. Edited Volumes (2B-01 - 2B-03)

3. Papers in English (Abstracts)
 3A. Journal Articles (3A-01 - 3A-43)
 3B. Chapters in Edited Volumes (3B-01 - 3B-26)

4. Papers in Polish (Abstracts)
 4A. Journal Articles (4A-01 - 4A-16)
 4B. Chapters in Edited Volumes (4B-01 - 4B-22)

5. Miscellanea in English (Summaries)
 5A. Reviews (5A-01)
 5B. Comments, Notes & Other Items (5B-01 - 5B-07)

6. Miscellanea in Polish (Summaries)
 6A. Reviews (6A-01 - 6A-03)
 6B. Comments, Notes & Other Items (6B-01 - 6B-11)

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1. Books in English
1A. Monographs (1A-01 - 1A-04)

1A-01.  Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1977.  Investigations on Class Structure and Social Stratification in Poland, 1945-1975.   Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of  Sciences.  Pp. 115.

Italian translation (1977):  Analisi della Struttura di Classe e della Stratificazione Sociale in Polonia.  Studi e Ricerche (1945-1975).  Published under the Auspices of the Research Committee on Social Stratification of the International Sociological Association.  Torino:  Edizioni della Fondazione.  Pp. 133.

Japanese translation (1977) of the first part of the book: "1945 Nen-kara 1975 nen-ni itaru made-no porando-ni okeru kaikyu-kozo-kenkyu-no rironteki shoshiko."  Sangyo shakai ronshu.  Ritsumeikan Review of Industrial Society, No.18: 77-110.

Polish translation (1977) of the first part of the book:  "Teoretyczne Ujecie Struktury Klasowej i  Warstwowej w Polsce, 1945-1975."  Pp. 9-37 in  Wlodzimierz Wesolowski  (ed.),  Ksztalt Struktury   Spolecznej  (The Form of Social Structure.) Wroclaw: Ossolineum [See 4B-14]

Chapter 1 reprinted (1978) as "Theoretical Orientation in the Study of Class Structure in Poland, 1945-  1975."   Pp. 7-34 in Polish Sociological Association (ed.), Social Structure -- Polish Sociology 1977.   Wroclaw: Ossolineum [See 3B-02]

Table of Contents

Introduction: Early Period
     The Historical Background.  The period 1945-1956
1.   Theoretical Orientations
      Stanislaw Ossowski's Analytical Approach. Julian Hochfeld's Marxist Approach.  Jan Szczepanski's Global Approach.
2.   Development and Types of Empirical Investigation
      Sociological Surveys.  Studies of Local Communities.  Investigations of Factories; Monographs of  Social Classes
3.   Class Structure and Its Component Segments
      The Analysis of Global Class Structure.  The Working Class.  The Peasantry.  The Intelligentsia.
4.   Class Structure and Occupational Differentiation
      Social Classes and Occupational Groups.  Hierarchies of Occupations.  Class, Occupation, and Standard of Living.
5.  Cultural Consumption, Style of Life, and Value System
      Levels of Cultural Consumption.  Cultural Consumption and Its Conditioning.  Style of Life.
      The Value System.
6.   Class Structure and Occupational Prestige
      Investigations of Occupational Prestige in Various Environments.  Occupational Prestige and the Value System.
      International Comparisons.
7.   Psychological Aspects of Social Structure
      Common Images of Social Structure.  Class Self-Identification.  Evaluation of Position in the Social   Hierarchy.
8.   Investigation of Social Mobility
      Investigations on National Samples.  Rural Migrations to Towns and Social Mobility.
      Investigations of Intergenerational  and Intragenerational Mobility.

1A-02.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  1989.  Social Structure and Mobility:  Poland, Japan, and the United States.  Methodological Studies.  Warsaw: Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences. Pp. 182.

Note: A modified version of Chapter 6 was published (1989) as "Effects of Status-Inconsistency on the  Intellective  Process: The United States, Japan, and Poland."  Pp. 148-166 in Melvin L.  Kohn (Ed.),    Cross-National Research in Sociology.  (American  Sociological Association Presidential Series).    Newbury Park,  CA:  Sage [See 3B-11]

Table of Contents

Preface
1.   Are Social Classes Consistently Stratified?   Samples and Methods of Data Collection.  Class Foundations in a Socialist Society: Poland.  Classes in the United States        and Japan.   Social  Stratification.  The Relationship Between Social Classes and Social Stratification.
2.   Attainment of Occupational Status Data.   Measurement of Occupational Status.  The Multiplicative Indicator Measurement of Educational Level.  The Basic Model of         Status Attainment.  Extended Model of Status Attainment.  A Comparison of Poland with Japan and the United States.
3.   How Far to Educational Meritocracy?  The Meritocratic Principle under Socialism and Capitalism. A Model of Meritocratic Allocation.  An Empirical Example.  Are                 Poland, Japan, and the United States Closer to Meritocracy Than to  Lottery?  The Dynamics of Meritocracy.  Segments of the Japanese Labor Force.  Conclusion.
4.   Components of the Social Mobility Process  Theoretical Background.  The Decompositional Approach.  An Empirical Example: Polish Data.    Structural and Circulation       Mobility in the United States.  The Yasuda Index and Its Application to   Japanese Data.  Discussion and Conclusion.
5.   The Structural Component of Educational Mobility Educational Mobility Across Generations in Japan: Four Problems.  Count Measure of the  Structural Component in       Educational Mobility.  How Much of the Intergenerational Change in the   Amount of  Education is Due to Structural Mobility?   Decomposition of the                                     Intergenerational    Change: Kessler-Greenberg Model.  Distributional Constraints on the Unexplained Variance of    Men's Education.  Discussion and Conclusion.
6.   Psychological Effects of Status-Inconsistency  Theorizing about Positive Aspects of Status-Inconsistency.  Accounting for Status Inconsistency    Effects.   Samples         and Methods of Data Collection.   Measurement of Intellective Process.  The    Principal Components Model of Status Inconsistency.  The Effects of Status                            Inconsistency: Small    But Statistically Significant.  Status, Status Inconsistency and Occupational Self-Direction.     Discussion and Conclusion.
References
List of Figures and Tables
Subject Index

1A-03.  Kohn, Melvin L. and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1990.  Social Structure and Self-Direction:  A Comparative Analysis of the United States and Poland.   With collaboration of Carrie Schoenbach.  London:  Basil Blackwell. Pp. 301.

 Paperback edition, with  a  new Afterward (1993)

Table of Contents

List of Figures and Tables, Preface, Acknowledgments
1.  Introduction: A Rational for Cross-National Inquiry into the Relationship of Social Structure and Personality  Interpreting the Relationships Between              Social Structure and Personality.   The Reasons for Studying   the Psychological Effects of Social Structure in the United States and Poland.
2. The Methodology of the Research.  The Critical Importance of Comparability of Meaning in Cross-National Research.  Samples,  Methods of Data                   Collection, and Processing of the Data.  Conclusion.
3.  Social Class and Social Stratification in Capitalist and Socialist Societies Conceptualization and Measurement of Social Class in the Capitalist United             States and Socialist Poland.  Conceptualization and Measurement of Social stratification in the Capitalist United States   and Socialist Poland.  The                 Relationship Between Social Class and Social Stratification.
4. Class, Stratification, and Psychological Functioning Conceptualization and Measurement of Psychological Functioning in the United States and Poland.        Position in the Class Structure and Psychological Functioning; Social Stratification and Psychological Functioning.  The Independent Effects of Social         Class and Social Stratification.   Conclusion.
5.  Occupational Self-Direction as a Crucial Explanatory Link Between Social Structure and Personality Conceptualization and Measurement of Occupational      Self-Direction; The Relationship Between  Social Class and Occupational Self-direction.  Occupational Self-Direction as an Explanation of the                            Relationships of Social Class and Psychological Functioning.  Conceptualizing the Relationship Between Social Stratification and Occupational                      Self-Direction.  Occupational Self-Direction as an Explanatory Link in the Relationships of Social Stratification and Psychological Functioning.  Social            Class, Social Stratification, Occupational Self Direction, and Psychological Functioning.  Conclusion.
6.  Issues of Causal Directionality in the Relationships of Class and Stratification with Occupational Self-  Direction and Psychological Functioning
     The Relationship Between Position in the Social Structure and Occupational Self-Direction.  The Reciprocal Effects of Occupational Self-Direction and          Psychological Functioning.  The Direct  Effects of Psychological Functioning on Class Placement and Status Attainment.  Conclusion.
7.  Social Structure and the Transmission of Values in the Family.  The Data on Which the Transmission-of-Values Analyses are Based.  A Measurement           Model of  Parents' and Children's Values; Class, Stratification, and Children's Values.  Social Structure, Occupational Self-Direction, and Values.                      Conclusion.
8.  Interpreting the Cross-National Differences. The Magnitude of Correlation Between Social Class and Social Stratification.  Continuity of   Education into       the Occupational Career.  The Relative Importance of the Substantive Complexity of   Work and Closeness of Supervision.  The Relative Role of Fathers       and Mothers in the     Intergenerational Transmission of Values. The Relationship of Class and Stratification with  Distress.  Conclusion.
9.  A Re-Evaluation of the Thesis and its Implications for Understanding the Relationship Between Social  Structure and Personality  Recapitulation of the          Thesis and of Relevant Evidence.  Limitations of Data and Analysis, and Their   Implications for Our Interpretation.  Evidence from Other Studies and Its      Implications for Our    Interpretation.   Implications of Our Thesis for Interpreting the Relationships of Social Structure and Personality in Cross-National Perspective.
References
Index

1A-04.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. with Krystyna Janicka, Bogdan W. Mach, and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1999. Mental Adjustment to the Post-Communist System in Poland.   Warsaw: IFiS Publishers.  Pp. 218.

 Earlier version published (1997) in the International Journal of Sociology 27 (1): 1-9 and 27(2):   1-94.

 Earlier version published (1996) in Polish: Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., Krystyna Janicka,    Bogdan W. Mach, and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1996. Struktura Spoleczna a Osobowosc:     Psychologiczne Funkcjonowanie Jednostki w Warunkach Zmiany Spolecznej.  Warsaw:    Institute of  Philosophy and  Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 238. [See 2A-09]

Table of Contents
Preface.  Acknowledgments.
1.  Theoretical Approach and Research Strategy Learning Generalization Hypothesis; Socialization Hypothesis.  Social Structure, Group Interests and Support for Systemic Change.  Support for Systemic Change: The Context of Societal Transformation. Selection of Samples and Fieldwork. New Research Project.  Triads.  The 1995 Study.  Material for Longitudinal Comparisons.
2.  Social-Stratification Position, Social Class, and Market Location.  Social-Stratification Position: Consistency and Inconsistency of Status Variables.  Social-Class Contrasts in 1992.  Social Class and Social-Stratification Position.  Social Class and the Old Nomenklatura System.  Market Location.  Conclusions.
3.  Structural Differentiation and the Substantive Complexity of Activities.  Specified Population Categories.  Social Class and Occupational Self-Direction.  Structural  Divergence of Male and Female Employment: Occupational Segregation. Occupationally Inactive:  Complexity of Activities of Housewives and the Unemployed.  Conclusions.
4.  Personality Characteristics.  Parental Values: Self-Direction and Striving for Success.  Social Orientations and Self- Conceptions: Factor Crystallization.  Measurement of      Authoritarian Conservatism: An Example. Final Measurement Models for Orientations to Self and Society.  Stability of Psychological Constructs.  Intellectual  Flexibility.  Conclusions.
5.  Position in the Social Structure and Personality Characteristics Position in the Stratification System and Orientations to Self and Society.  Role of  Occupational   Self-Direction.  Relationship Between Social-Class Position and Psychological  Functioning.  Once Again About Self-Direction in Work.  Stressful Job Conditions and  Their Effects on Distress.  Complexity of Tasks and Psychological Functioning in Nonclass Population Categories.  Conclusions.
6.  Intergenerational Transmission of Values and Orientations.  Theoretical Background.  Measurement of Psychological Variables for Triads.  Level of Self-Direction and  Authoritarian Conservatism in Adolescent and Parent Generations.   Differences Among Population Categories.  Conclusions.
7.  The Impact of Psychological Resources on Status Attainment.  Research Questions.  Occupational Statuses of Fathers and Sons: The Basic Relationship. Background Variables Versus Current Education: A Regression Model.  The Role of  Intellectual Flexibility.  The Role of Intellectual Flexibility and Valuation of Self-Direction.  Conclusions.
8.  Support for and Aversion to Systemic Change.  Theoretical Background and Specific Hypothesis.  Measurement of Support for and Aversion to Systemic Change. Stability of Support for Systemic Change Between 1992 and 1995.  Support for Systemic Change and Psychological Functioning.  Social Stratification, Social Class, and Support for Systemic Change.  Market Location and Employment Status.  Psychological Resources, Social Mobility, and Aversion to Systemic Change.  Economic Success.  Interregional Differences and Aversion to Systemic Change.  Conclusions.
9.  Conclusion
List of Figures and Tables
References
Index

1. Books in English
1B. Edited Volumes

1B-01.  Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, and Bogdan W. Mach, eds. 1978.  Social Mobility in Comparative Perspective.   Published under the Auspices of the International Sociological Association and the Polish Academy of Sciences. Warsaw:  Ossolineum.   Pp. 319.

Table of Contents

Bogdan W. Mach, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, Introduction: Some Trends in the Sociology of Social Mobility
1.     Donald J. Treiman, Problems of Concept and Measurement in the Comparative Study of Occupational  Mobility
2.     David L. Featherman, F. Lancaster Jones, Robert M. Hauser, Assumptions of Social Mobility Research  in the U.S: The Case of Occupational Status
3.     Aage B. Sorensen, Causal Analysis of Cross-Sectional and Over-Time Data With Special Reference to  the Study of the Occupational Achievement Process
4.     Leonard Broom, Paul Duncan-Johns, F. Lancaster Jones, Patrick McDonnell, Two Perspectives on   Mobility Analysis
5.     Frantisek Charvat, Jiri Linhart, and Jiri Vecernik, Some Remarks on the Application of Mobility   Approach in a Socialist Society
6.     Daniel Bertaux, Class Relationships, Appareils d'Encadrement, Production and Consumption of Human Beings:  Laying the Ground Work for an Analysis of So-Called         Social Mobility
7.     S. S. Miller and Martin Rein, Trends in Occupational and Social Mobility: A Preliminary Examination
8.     Ken'ichi Tominaga (with collaboration of Atsushi Naoi), A Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility: Tokyo and Chicago
9.     Alan C. Kerckhoff, Stratification Processes and Outcomes in England and the U.S.
10.   Seppo Pontinen, Comparison of Social Mobility in the Scandinavian Countries
11.   Roger Girod (with Claire Petroff and Pierre Weiss), Process of Status Allocation: Men and Women
12.   R. V. Ryvkina and I. M. Korjakina, Occupational Mobility in Rural Areas: An Example from Siberia
13.   Rudolf Andorka, Tendencies of Social Mobility in Hungary: Comparisons of Historical Periods and Cohorts

1B-02.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Tadeusz Krauze, eds. 1978. Class Structure and Social Mobility in Poland.  White Plains, N.Y.:  M. E. Sharpe.  Pp. 211.

 Prepublished (1978) in the International Journal of Sociology 27 (1-2): 1-211

Table of Contents

Murray Yanowitch, Foreword
Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Tadeusz Krauze,  Introduction
1.    Jan Szczepanski, Early Stages of Socialist Industrialization and Changes in Social Class Structure
2.    Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, The Influence of Technical-Economic and Historical-Cultural Contexts on   the Differentiation and Integration of Social Classess
3.    Krzysztof Zagorski, Urbanization and Resulting Changes in Class Structure and Education
4.    Krzysztof Zagorski, Transformation of Social Structure and Social Mobility in Poland
5.    Krystyna Janicka, Intergenerational Mobility in Cities
6.    Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, The Role of Education in the Process of Intragenerational Mobility
7.    Jan Malanowski, Relations Between Classes and Perception of Social Class Distance
8.    Krzysztof Szafnicki, Evaluations of Individual Earnings and Family Income
9.    Jadwiga Koralewicz-Zebik, Power in the Value Systems of Selected Social Groups
10.  Krzysztof Ostrowski, Labor Unions and the Working Class: An Analysis of Participation in Power
Bibliography: Class Structure and Stratification Processes in Poland, 1956-1976
About the Editors

1B-03.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Tadeusz Krauze, eds.  1986.  Social Stratification in Poland.  Eight Empirical Studies.  Armonk, N.Y.:  M. E. Sharpe.  Pp. 191.

Prepublished (1986) in the International Journal of Sociology 27 (1-2): 1-91.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgments
Gerhard Lenski, Foreword
Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Tadeusz Krauze, Introduction: The Background of Recent Polish Research on Social Stratification
1.     Micha  Pohoski, Social Inequality and Social Mobility
2.     Krystyna Janicka, Changes in Social Structure and in How It Is Popularly Perceived
3.     Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, The Attainment of Occupational Status: A Model with Multiple Indicator   Constructs
4.     Wojciech Zaborowski, Dichotomous Class Images and Workers' Radicalism
5.     Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Gra yna Kacprowicz, The Subjective Evaluation of Social Status
6.     Zbigniw Sawi ski, The Prestige of Education
7.     Maria Misztal, Value System Among Occupational Groups
8.     Tadeusz Krauze and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Social Mobility: Actual, Perceived, and Equitable
About the Authors

1B-04.  Aleksandra Jasinska-Kania, Melvin L. Kohn, and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, eds.  1999.  Power and Social Structure.  Essays in Honor of Wlodzimierz Wesolowski.  Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego.  Pp. 322.

Table of Contents

Aleksandra Jasinska-Kania, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, and Melvin L. Kohn,  Introduction: An Intellectual Profile of Wlodzimierz Wesolowski

1.     Adam Swift and Gordon Marshall, Wesolowski, Walzer, and the Complex Good of Education
2.     Carmi Schooler, Social Structure and the Environment: Some Basic Theoretical Issues
3.     Melvin L. Kohn, Social Structure and Personality under Conditions of Apparent Social Stability and Radical Social Change
4.     Tadeusz K. Krauze, Meritocracy and the Transition to a Market Economy
5.     Walter Muller, Institutional Context and Labor Market Outcomes of Education in Germany
6.     John Higley and Jan Pakulski, Elites in the Study of Consolidated Democracy
7.     Pavel Machonin, Wesolowski's Contribution to the Theory of Social Stratification: Its Influence on a Realistic Image of the State Socialism
8.     Jakob Juchler, The Transition in Eastern Europe: Economic and Political Changes in a Comparative   Perspective
9.     Michael Bernard, Charismatic Leadership and Democratization: A Weberian Perspective
10.   David M. Olson, Mediating Structures of Society and State in New Democracies: Political Parties, Interest Groups and Parliament
11.   Andrzej Korbonski, The New Democracies in East Central Europe and the Legacies of Communism
12.   Walter D. Connor, Five Years without a Plan: Workers in Russia's Economic Revolution
13.   Erik Allardt, Structural and Ideological Strains in the Formation of National Sociology
14.   Michael D. Kennedy, Poland's Critical Sociological Significance: A Comparative and Historical   Approach to a Nation and Difference
15.   Zygmunt Bauman, New Poor -- Unneeded, Unwanted and Forsaken
16.   David Lane, Sociology, Equality and Socialism
17.   David Lockwood, Capitalism, Social Cohesion and Civic Integration
Wlodzimierz Wesolowski's Selected Bibliography
Contributors
Contents of the Polish-language volume Wladza i Struktura Spoleczna (Authority and Social Structure)

1B-05.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, ed.  2000.  Social Patterns of Being Political:  The Initial Phase of the Post-Communist Transition in Poland.  Warsaw:  IFiS Publishers.

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgments
1.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Introduction:  Social Structure and Mass-Level Politics
2.  Bogdan W. Mach, Nomenklatura, Communist Party Membership, and Advantage on the Labor Market
3.  Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Political Biographies and Support for Systemic Change
4.  Krystyna Janicka, Social Conflicts in the Social Structure:  Changes in Popular Beliefs Over Time
5.  Wojciech Zaborowski, Social Structure, Political Affiliation, and Anti-Egalitarianism
6.  Sheri Kunovich, Explaining Decline in Approval of Welfare State Policies
7.  Elizabeth A. Osborn,  Popular Support for Privatization:  Do Political Orientations Matter?
8.  Robert M. Kunovich, The "Morning After":  Political Participation During Systemic Transformation
9.  Brian Martin, Institutional Change and Strike Mobilization
10.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Goldie Shabad,  Structural Determinants of Political Experience:  A Refutation of the "Death of Class" Hypothesis
References
List of Tables and Figures
Index
About Contributors

1B-06. Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., ed. 2002. Social Structure: Changes and Linkages – The Advanced Phase of the Post-Communist Transition in Poland.  Warsaw:  IFiS Publishers. Pp. 309.

This volume, similarly to its predecessor, Social Patterns of Being Political (Slomczynski 2000), is devoted to changes in the social structure that are associated with the transition of Polish society in the direction of democracy and capitalism.  Both volumes cover a decade of the transition (1988-98), the first one focusing on the initial phase (1988-93) and the second one on its advanced phase (1993-1998).  In both volumes, social structure is understood as a composition of social groups with unequal access to commonly desired goods.  In a sense, social structure embodies social inequality.  In order to understand changes in social structure and implied social inequality, we must study its causes.  In this volume, the reference to changes is very frequent in the context of causal analysis of social inequality.  However, this is only one perspective on social structure.  Another one involves the consequences of social inequality expressed through the linkages of social structure to other social phenomena—social consciousness and social behavior.  Thus, the title of this volume is intended to convey the idea of looking at social structure from two perspectives: causes and consequences. 

Preface and Acknowledgments
1.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Introduction: Social Structure, Its Changes, and Linkages
2.  Bogdan W. Mach, Patterns of Intergenerational Mobility: The Long-Term Trends
3.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Taduesz K. Krauze, and Sheri Kunovich, Flow of Persons Among Old and New Jobs
4.  Chunlei Wang, Meritocratic Allocation of Persons to Jobs
5.  Anna Firkowska-Mankiesicz and Wojciech Zaborowski, The Effects of Intellectual Functioning on Economic Status Attainment
6.  Sheri Kunovich, Class Differentiation of Household Expenditures
7.  Sandra Marguart-Pyatt, How the Public Evaluates the Political and Economic System: Past, Present, and Future in the Social Consciousness
8.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Goldie Shabad, Partisan Preferences and Democratic Commitments
9.  Amy C. Oakes, Gender Differences in Support for Democracy
10.  Elizabeth Osborn, How Do Pro-Market Attitudes Depend on Social Position and Political Preferences?
11.  Anna Shadley, Support for Political Change: Is Self-Interest the Whole Story?
12.  Robert M. Kunovich, "Throwing the Rascals Out:" Macroeconomic Conditions, Personal Economic Hardship, and Protest Voting
13.  Krystyna Janicka, Dynamics of Social Conflict Perception: Dimensions and Relations
14.  Katarzyna M. Wilk and Goldie Shabad, The Impact of Social Class and Political Experience on Support for Poland's Joining the European Union
16.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Changes and Linkages: Predictions for the Next Decade
References
List of Tables and Figures
Index
About Contributors

2. Books in Polish
2A. Monographs

2A-01.  Bielawska, Barbara, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Maria Walendowska.  1968.  Z Badan nad Studentami Pierwszego Roku Prawa  (Research on First-Year Law Students).  Warsaw:  Polish  Scientific Publishers.  1968. Pp. 143.

This monograph is composed of two parts, the first written by Barbara Bielawska and Kazimierz Slomczynski, and the second written by Maria Walendowska.  The table of contents below refers to the first part of the monograph.

Table of contents

Wprowadzenie (Introduction)
1. Proces Podejmowania Decyzji o Wyborze Studiow Prawniczych (Decision-Making Process with Respect to Studying Law)
2. Egzamin Wstepny (Entrance Examination)
3. Kandydaci i ich Wyniki na Egzaminie Wstepnym (Candidates and Their Results on the Entrance Examination)
4. Cechy Demograficzno-Spoleczne Studentow a ich Wyniki na Pierwszym Roku Studiow (Students' Demographic and Social Characteristics and Their Grades During the       First Year of Studying)
5. Oceny Maturalne i Oceny z Egzaminu Wstepnego a Wyniki Studentow na Pierwszym Roku Studiow (High-School Diploma and Entrance Examination Grades vs. Grades     During the First Year of  Studying)
6. Process Adaptacji do Uczelni (Adaptation Provess to the University)
7. Przyczyny Niskiej Efektywnosci Ksztalcenia w Swietle Opinii Studentow i Pracownikow Naukowych (Reasons for Low Effectiveness of Education in the Light of                 Opinions of Students and Faculty)
Zalacznik 1. Klucz do Karty Indywidualnej Kandydata (Coding Schema for Individual Candidate Form)
Zalacznik 2. Lista Pytan Ankiety (List of the Questionnaire Items)
Summary

2A-02.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1972.  Zroznicowanie Spoleczno-Zawodowe i Jego Korelaty  (Socio-Occupational  Differentiation and Its Correlates).  Wroclaw:  Ossolineum.  Pp. 277.

Table of Contents

Przedmowa (Preface)
1.  Problematyka i Zakres Pracy (Research Problems and Scope of the Book)
2. Badana Zbiorowosc i jej Podzial na Grupy Spoleczno-Zawodowe (Selected Population and its    Division into Socio-Economic Groups)
3. Wyksztalcenie i Stanowiska w Organizacji Pracy (Education and Position in Work Organization)
4.  Zroznicowanie Indywidualnych Dochodow z Pracy (Differentiation of Individual Job Income)
5.  Zroznicowanie Spoleczne wedlug Kryterium Prestizu (Social Differentiation According to Prestige)
6. Hierarchie Zawodow (Hierarchies of Occupations)
7. Analiza Korelacyjna (Correlational Analysis)
8. Wielowymiarowe Profile Indywidualne oraz Zgodnosc i Niezgodnosc Pozycji (Multidimensional   Individual Profiles and the Concordance and Discordance of Positions)
9. Subiektywne Oceny Pozycji (Subjective Evaluation of Positions)
Zakonczenie (Conclusion)
Spis Tabel, Wykresow i Zestawien (List of Tables, Figures, and Charts)

2A-03.  Pohoski, Michal, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Krystyna Mielczarek. 1974.  Standaryzacja Zmiennych Socjologicznych.  Spoleczna  Klasyfikacja Zawodow  (Standardization of Sociological Variables.  Social Classification of Occupations).   Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 74.

 New version (1978):  Michal Pohoski and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  Spoleczna Klasyfikacja Zawodow  (Social Classification of Occupations).   Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 68.

 New version (1993): Michal Pohoski and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, with collaboration of    Henryk Domanski, Elzbieta Kucharska and Zbigniew Sawinski. Spoleczna Klasyfikacja Zawodow:   SKZ 1993 (Social Classification of Occupations: SKZ 1993).  Warsaw: Institute of Social    Studies, University of Warsaw.  Pp. 223.

Table of contents

Uwagi Wst pne (Introductory Comments)
1.  Podstawowe Materia y (Basic Data)
2. Zastosowane Kryteria Klasyfikacyjne (Applied Clasificatory Criteria)
3. Formalna Charakterystyka Proponowanej Klasyfikacji (Formal Description of Proposed Classification)
4.  Informacje Niezb dne do Kodowania Zawodu (Information Necessary to Code Occupations)
5.  Wskazówki Dotyczace Kodowania (Directives Regarding Coding)
6. Klasyfikacja (Classification)

2A-04.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Grazyna Kacprowicz.  1979. Skale Zawodow  (Occupational  Scales).  Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology,  Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 179.

Table of contents

Wprowadzenie (Introduction)
1.   Skale Zawodow Wedlug Kryterium Ogolnej Zlozonosci Pracy (Scales of Occupations According to   General Complexity of Work)
2.   Skala Zawodow Wedlug Kryterium Prestizu (Occupational Scale According to Prestige)
3.   Skala Zawodow Wedlug Kryterium Pozycji Spoleczno-Ekonomicznej (Occupational Scale According to  Socio-Economic Status)
Literatura Cytowana (References)
Zalacznik: Skale Zawodow (Appendix: Occupational Scales)

2A-05.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  1983. Pozycja Zawodowa i Jej Zwiazki z Wyksztalceniem  (Occupational Status and Its Relation to Education).  Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology,  Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 158.

Table of Contents

1.  Problematyka i Zakres Pracy (Research Problems and the Scope of the Book)
2.   Pozycja Zawodowa i Wyksztalcenie: Strukturalne Modele Pomiaru (Occupational Position and   Education: Structural Measurement Models)
3.  Transmisja Pozycji Zawodowej: Strukturalne Modele Zaleznosci Przyczynowej (Transmission of  Occupational Position: Structural Models of Causal Relationships)
4.  Wykorzystanie Zasobow Edukacyjnych i Alokacja Merytokratyczna: Modele Optymalizacyjne (Utilization of Educational Resources and Meritocratic Allocation:                  Optimization Models)
5.  Dynamika Zmian Pozycji Zawodowej: Modele Rownan Rozniczkowych (Dynamics of Occupational Position Changes: Differential Equation Models)

2A-06.  Slomczynski Kazimierz M. and Melvin L. Kohn.  1988.  Sytuacja Pracy i  Jej Psychologiczne Konsekwencje:  Polsko-Amerykanskie Analizy Porownawcze (Work Conditions and Psychological Functioning: Comparative Analyses of Poland and the United States).  With  the collaboration of Krystyna Janicka, Jadwiga Koralewicz, Joanne Miller, Carrie Schoenbach, Ronald Schoenberg, and Anna Zawadzka.  Wroclaw:  Ossolineum. Pp. 252.

Table of Contents

1.   Problematyka, Metody Badawcze i Dane Empiryczne (Research Problems, Methods, and  Empirical Data)
2.   Wplyw Pozycji Spolecznej i Samosterownosci w Pracy na Wartosci, Orientacje Spoleczne i Obraz Wlasnej Osoby (Impact of Social Position and Self-Direction at Work       on Values, and Orientations toward Self and Society)
3.   Substantywna Zlozonosc Pracy i Elastycznosc Intelektualna (Substantive Complexity of Work and   Intellectual Flexibility)
4.  Stabilnosc Wplywu Doswiadczen w Pracy na Otwartosc Intelektualna Wsrod Osob Doroslych (Stability of the Impact of Work Experience an Mental Openness Among      Adults)
5.   Struktura Klasowa a Dyspozycje Psychiczne (Class Structure and Psychological Dispositions)
6.   Uwarstwienie Spoleczne a Miedzypokoleniowa Transmisja Wartosci (Social Stratification and the Intergenerational Transmission of Values)
7.   Psychiczne Podobienstwa Rodzicow i Dzieci: Dodatkowe Analizy (Psychological Similarities of Parents and Children)
8.   Podsumowanie Wynikow i ich Interpretacja (Summary of Results and Their Interpretation)
Zalacznik A.  Modele Rownan Strukturalnych w Programach LISREL i MILS (Appendix A: Structural Equation Models in the LISREL and MILS programs)
Zalacznik B.  Opis Prob Reprezentacyjnych Badan Polskich i Amerykanskich (Description of Sampling in Polish and American Research)
Zalacznik C.  Narzedzia Pomiaru Wyksztalcenia, Samosterownosci w Pracy, Zawodu i Dochodu  (Measurement Tools for Education, Self-Directedness in Work, Occupation, and Income
Zalacznik D. Wykaz Wybranych Pytan Kwestionariusza Polskiego i Amerykanskiego (List of Selected Items from the Polish and American Questionnaire)
Zalacznik E.  Ocena Materialu Empirycznego: Analizy Metodologiczne (Evaluation of  Data: Methodological Analyses)

2A-07.   Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., Ireneusz Bialecki, Henryk  Domanski, Krystyna Janicka, Bogdan Mach, Zbigniew Sawinski, Joanna Sikorska, and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1989.  Struktura Spoleczna: Schemat Teoretyczny i Warsztat Badawczy (Social Structure:  Theoretical  Framework and Research Methods).  Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.   Pp. 209.

Table of Contents

Wstep (Introduction)
1.  Projekt Badan (Research Project)
2.   Organizacja i Przebieg Badan (Research Administration and the Fieldwork)
3.   Narzedzia Badawcze (Research Tools)
4.  Operacjonalizacja Zmiennych (Operationalization of Variables)
5.   Dobor Prob Ludnosci (Population Sampling Procedure)
Bibliografia (Bibliography)

2A-08.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., Krystyna Janicka, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski. 1994.  Badania  Struktury Spolecznej Lodzi  (Research on Social  Structure in Lodz).   Warsaw:  Institute of Philosophy and Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 151.

Table of Contents

Wprowadzenie (Introduction)
1.    Program Badawczy i Jego Realizacja (Research Program and Its Application)
2.    Zroznicowanie Spoleczno-Zawodowe (Socio-Occupational Differentiation)
3.    Podstawowe Processy (Basic Processes)
4.    Zroznicowanie Dochodow, Standardu Materialnego i Uczestnictwa w Kulturze (Differentiation of  Income, Standard of Living, and Cultural Participation)
5.    Psychologiczne Aspekty Struktury Spolecznej (Psychological Aspects of Social Structure)
6.    Otwartosc Grup Spoleczno-Zawodowych (Openness of Socio-Occupational Groups)
7.    Podsumowanie: Doswiadczenia i Postulaty Badawcze (Summary: Past Experience and Research   Postulates)
Wykaz Zestawien i Tabel (List of Charts and Tables)
Zal cznik (Appendix)
Bibliografia (Bibliography)

2A-09.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M., Krystyna Janicka, Bogdan W. Mach, and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1996. Struktura Spoleczna a Osobowosc:  Psychologiczne Funkcjonowanie Jednostki w Warunkach Zmiany Spolecznej (Social Structure and Personality:  Psychological Functioning under Conditions of Social Change).  Warsaw: Institute of  Philosophy and  Sociology, Polish Academy of Sciences.  Pp. 238.

Table of contents

1.    Podejscie Teoretyczne i Strategia Badawcza (Theoretical Approach and Research Strategy)
2.    Dobor Prob i Praca Terenowa (Sampling and Fieldwork)
3.    Analityczne Schematy Porownan w Czasie (Analytical Schemata for Time Comparisons)
4.    Pozycja Stratyfikacyjna i Klasa Spoleczna.  Pozycja Rynkowa (Social-Stratification Position, Social Class, and Market Location)
5.    Zroznicowanie Strukturalne: Wyroznione Kategorie Ludnosci a Zlozonosc Zajec   (Structural Differentiation and the Substantive Complexity of Activities)
6.    Zmienne Osobowosciowe  (Personality Characteristics)
7.    Polozenie w Strukturze Spolecznej a Cechy Osobowosci (Position in the Social Structure and Personality Characteristics)
8.    Miedzygeneracyjna Transmisja Wartosci i Postaw (Intergenerational Transmission of Values and   Orientations)
9.    Proces Osiagania Pozycji Zawodowej: Rola Elastycznosci Intelektualnej i Wartosci Samorealizacyjnych  (Process of Occupational Status Attainment: The Role of                Intellectual Flexibility and Self-Directed Values)
10.  Aprobata Zmian Systemowych i Jej Uwarunkowania (Support for Systemic Change and Its Determinants)
Zakonczenie (Conclusion)
Bibliografia (Bibliography)
Zalacznik: Kwestionariusz Wywiadu - Wersja Skrocona (Appendix: Interview Schedule--Short Version)
Spis Tabel i Schematow (List of Tables and Figures)
Summary
Index

2A-10.   Mach, Bogdan, W., Wojciech Zaborowski, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Elzbieta Skotnicka- Illasiewicz, and Hanna Palska.  1998.  Polacy wobec Integracji z Uni  Europejsk  (Poles for and against Integration with the European Union).  Published under the auspices of the Center of International Relations. Warsaw: Wiez.  Pp. 150.

 This book was prepared by the entire team, although each chapter was finally authored as listed below.

Table of contents

Bogdan W. Mach,  Wstep (Introduction)
1.    Bogdan W. Mach, Historyczne Nadzieje i Przyziemne Problemy (Historical Hopes and Mundane Problems)
2.   Elzbieta Skotnicka-Illasiewicz, Czlonkostwo w Unii Europejskiej w Badaniach Opinii Publicznej  (European Union Membership in the Public Opinion Research)
3.   Wojciech Zaborowski, Stosunek wobec Integracji ze Strukturami Europejskimi (Attitudes Toward  Integration with European Structures)
4.    Bogdan W. Mach and Kazimierz Slomczynski,  Stabilnosc Eurocentryzmu i Eurosceptycyzmu  (Stability of Euroentusiasm and Euroskepticism)
5.    Hanna Palska, Polacy o Nadziejach i Obawach Zwiazanych z Przystapieniem do Unii Eurpejskiej  (Poles' Hopes and Fears with Respect to Joining European Union)
Zakonczenie (Conclusion)
Tablele (Tables)

2. Books in Polish
2B. Edited Volumes

2B-01.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Wlodzimierz  Wesolowski, eds. 1973. Struktura  i  Ruchliwosc Spoleczna  (Social Structure and Mobility).  Wroclaw: Ossolineum.  Pp. 269.

Table of Contents

Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, Wprowadzenie (Introduction)
1. Krzysztof Szafnicki, Podzia  Plac i Dochodow Miedzy Jednostki i Grupy (Distribution of Earnings and  Income among Individuals and Groups)
2. Krzysztof Szafnicki, Oceny Plac Indywidualnych i Dochodow Rodzin (Evaluation of Individual   Earnings and Family Income)
3. Krystyna Janicka, Ruchliwosc Miedzypokoleniowa (Intergenerational Mobility)
4. Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Rola Wyksztalcenia w Procesie Ruchliwosci Wewnatrzpokoleniowej (The Role of Education in the Intragenerational Mobility)
5.  Wielislawa Warzywoda-Kruszynska, Zbieznosc Cech Spolecznych Wspolmalzonkow (Congruence of  Spouses' Social Characteristics)
6. Anita Kobus-Wojciechowska, Ilosc Czasu Wolnego i Formy jego Spedzania (Amount of Leasure Time and Forms of its Use)
7. Wielislawa Warzywoda-Kruszynska, Zycie Towarzyskie w Roznych Grupach Spoleczno-Zawodowych  (Friendship Patterns of Different Socio-Occupational Groups)
8. Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, Potoczna Percepcja Struktury Spolecznej  (Common Perception of Social Structure)

2B-02.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, eds. 1981.  Zroznicowanie Spoleczne w Perspektywie Porownawczej  (Social Differentiation in Comparative Perspective). Wroclaw:  Ossolineum.  Pp. 207.

Table of Contents

Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski, Wst p (Preface)
1. Mariusz Kowalczyk, Zroznicowanie Spoleczno-Zawodowe w Kontekscie Rozwoju Ekonomicznego   (Socio-Occupational Differentiation in the Context of Economic Development)
2. Dorota Krukowska, Makrospoleczne Determinanty Dystrybucji Dochodow (Macro-Social Determinants  of Income Distribution)
3. Grazyna Kacprowicz, Nierownosci w Dostepie do Oswiaty: Analiza Pochodzenia Spolecznego   Studentow (Unequal Access to Education: Analysis of Students' Social Background)
4. Andrzej Klarkowski, Rola Zdolnosci Intelektualnych w Reprodukcji Struktury Spolecznej (Role of   Intellectual Ability in the Reproduction of Social Structure)
5. Henryk Domanski, Prestiz Zawodow i jego Korelaty (Occupational Prestige and its Correlates)
6. Wojciech Zaborowski, Potoczne Wizje Struktury Spolecznej i Identyfikacje Klasowe (Common Images  of Social Structure and Class Identifications)
7. Maria Misztal, Kulturowe i Klasowe Zroznicowanie Systemu Wartosci (Cultural and Class    Differentiation of the System of Values)

2B-03.  Aleksandra Jasinska-Kania and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, eds. 1999.  Wladza i Structura Spoleczna.  Ksiega Dedykowana Wlodzimierzowi Wesolowskiemu  (Authority and Social Structure.  Volume Dedicated to Wlodzimierz Wesolowski). Warsaw: IFiS Publishers.  Pp. 230.

Table of Contents

Aleksandra Jasinska-Kania and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Wprowadzenie (Introduction)
1.  Edmund Wnuk-Lipinski, Reforma, Rewolucja, Restauracja -- Trzy  Cechy Transformacji Postkomunistycznej (Reform, Revolution, Restauration -- Three Characteristics          of the Post-Communist  Transformation)
2.  Piotr Chmielewski and Antoni Kaminski, Autokracja i Liberalna Democracja: Dwie Strategie Konstruowania Porzadku Spolecznego (Autocracy and Liberal Democracy:          Two Strategies for Constructing Social Order)
3.  Tadeusz Kowalik, Polityka Kluczem do Polskiej Transformacji Ekonomicznej (Politics -- A Key to the Polish Economic Transformation)
4.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Kariery Zyciowe a Zmiany Struktury Spolecznej: Problemy Teoretyczne i Metodologiczne (Life-Careers and Change of Social Structure:              Theoretical and Methodological Problems)
5.   Henryk Domanski, Czym jest Prestiz? (What is Prestige?)
6.   Elzbieta Kostowska-Watanabe, Forma I Tresc: Pozycja Kobiety w Japonii (Form and Content: Social Position of Women in Japan)
7.  Antonina Kloskowska, Migracje, Globalizm i Narodowosc (Migration, Globalism, and Nationality)
8.   Marek Ziolkowski, Interesy i Wartosci jako Elementy Swiadomosci Spolecznej (Interests and Values as  Elements of Social Consciousness)
9.   Irena Pankow, Debata o Pluralizmie w "Wojnie na Gorze" (The Debate on Pluralism during the "War  at the Top")
10. Barbara Post, Etos czy Profesjonalizm? (Ethos or Professionalism?)
11. Janusz Mucha, Dominacja Kulturowa i Opor Wobec Niej (Cultural Domination and the Resistance to it) 12. Bogdan W. Mach and Wojciech Zaborowski, Integracja               Polski z Unia Europejska: Polityka, Nadzieje,  Zagrozenia (Integration of Poland with the European Union: Politics, Hopes and Threats)
13.  Antonina Majkowska-Sztange, Bibliografia Prac Wlodzimierza Wesolowskiego (Wlodzimierz Wesolowski's Bibliography)
Noty o Autorach (Notes about Authors)

3. Papers in English
3A. Journal Articles

3A-01.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz  M. 1969.  "Theoretical, Methodological, and Empirical Problems of Class-Stratum Identification."  Polish Round Table,  No. 3: 133-146.

A clear distinction between two types of self-identification in the social structure is made.  The first type  refers to affiliation of individuals' with social class defined through economic power which in turn implies specific political and ideological functions in society.  In this interpretation, classes are distinguished on the basis of certain relations, rather than attributes, and considered as social groups (rather than aggregates) having their own history.  The second type refers to self-evaluation of one's position in the stratification system.  It relates one's position to an unequal distribution of education, occupational rank, and income.  In the paper empirical results pertaining to these two types of self-identification, obtained in the United States and Western Europe, are reassessed and reinterpreted. Both types seem not to be as highly correlated as it is frequently  assumed in the sociological publications.

3A-02.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1969.   "Conditions of Interview -- Their  Impact upon Statements of Respondents."  Polish Sociological Bulletin,  No. 20(2): 125-135.

This is a shortened version of a Polish-language publication: Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1966.   "Wplyw Oficjalnej i Prywatnej Sytuacji Wywiadu na Wypowiedzi Respondentów w Srodowisku  Inteligencji"  (Influence of the Formal vs. Informal Setting of Interviews upon Responses Obtained in  the Milieu of Intelligentsia).  Pp. 186-222 in Zygmunt Gostkowski (ed.),  Analizy  i Proby Technik  Badawczych w Socjologii  (Analyses and Tests of Research Techniques in Sociology). Vol. 1. Wroclaw: Ossolineum. 

For abstract, see 4B-01

3A-03.  Pohoski, Michal, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski.  1976.  "Occupational Prestige in Poland, 1958-1975."   Polish Sociological  Bulletin,  No. 36(4): 63-77.

The analysis of eleven Polish surveys indicates a high stability of prestige ordering of occupations in last twenty years.  In this respect, the over-time analysis of the Polish surveys is in agreement with earlier analogous surveys conducted for the United States and other countries.  There is some indirect evidence, however, that this period of stability was foreshadowed by a period of relatively radical change.  In Poland some occupations of skilled manual workers were located on prestige scale much higher than some typical occupations of office workers.  In addition, in the period of 1956-1975, there was a tendency towards uniformity of opinions concerning prestige ranking of jobs.  Moreover, the agreement between occupational prestige and evaluated income was lower in 1956 than in 1975.

3A-04.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1978. "Marxist Criticism of Cross-National Analysis of Social Inequality."  Polish Sociological Bulletin, No. 41(1): 19-31.

This paper examines a status attainment model in cross-national context. It proposes new variables to include on national level in order to account for cross-national differences in intergenerational transmission of inequality. Among these variables are not only those related to the economic development but also those that characterize conflicts in society such as strike disputes or public demonstrations.  In general terms, this paper attempts to broaden the scope of cross-national analysis of social inequality by incorporating some ideas implied by Marxist theory of social class and capitalist system.

3A-05.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1978. "The Role of Education in the Process of Intragenerational Mobility."  International Journal of Sociology,  Vol. 7, No. 3-4:  102-121.

Reprinted (1978), pp. 102-121, in Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and  Tadeusz K. Krauze (Eds.), Class  Structure and Social Mobility  in Poland.  White Plains, N.Y.:  M.E. Sharpe. [See 1B-02]

Comparable data from such countries as the United States, Australia, and the Federal Republic of Germany indicate that among men the correlation between education and occupational status is lower than in Poland.  Thus, assuming that in Poland education plays an important role in people's occupational careers, this paper examines to what extent the current occupational status is influenced by education obtained by individuals before they assumed their first job and by their current education. On the basis of data from Lodz it appears that the correlation between educational mobility  and occupational mobility is high, r = .689.  Moreover, among educationally mobiles, 42.4% more persons experienced occupational advancement than among those who did not improve their education.  However, from more detailed analysis it is clear that education mobility  not only enhances upward mobility but also prevents downward mobility.

The Marxist theory of classes requires a sophisticated methodology for studying social mobility.  The fundamental problem is that classes are not social groupings which could be arranged in one hierarchical order to map their characteristics.  Various constellations of attributes, rooted in historical circumstances, call for a methodology that would provide tools to study social mobility as a complex movement taking place within multidimensional space rather than along a single scale. If one were to look at classes as complex social groupings located within multidimensional space, one would also try to measure various distances to be traveled in the movement from one class to another.  Within this framework, we examine several problems of recent mobility studies.

3A-07.  Miller, Joanne, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski  and Ronald Schoenberg. 1981.  "Assessing Comparability of Measurement in Cross-National Research:  Authoritarian-Conservatism in Different Sociocultural Settings."  Social Psychology Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 3: 178-191.

This paper explores various analytic criteria for assessing comparability of measurement in cross-national survey research.  The analysis focuses on the construct validity of items thought to capture authoritarian-conservatism in the United States and Poland.  Although we may assume that the set of attitudes designed to measure the construct can be used under varying circumstances, what can be identified as an authoritarian world view may, in fact, depend upon the particular sociocultural setting of the observation.   We examine the validity of the indicators within each country, identifying which indicators are common to both countries and which are nation-specific.  Then, using confirmatory factor analysis, we test whether there is sufficient structural similarity in the pattern of responses to establish conceptual equivalence.

3A-08.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz  M., Joanne Miller and Melvin L. Kohn.  1981.  "Stratification, Work, and Values:  A Polish-United States Comparison."  American Sociological  Review, Vol. 46, No. 6: 720-744.

In Poland and the United States social stratification is related to parental values and to social orientations, with men of higher position more likely to value self direction and to have a social orientation consonant with valuing self-direction: a nonauthoritarian perspective, personally responsible standards of morality, and trustfulness.  These relationships result in large measure from the greater opportunities afforded by higher position to be self-directed in one's work.  In the United States, higher social-stratification position is associated with more favorable self-conceptions, largely as a result of the greater opportunities for occupational self-direction that higher position affords.  In Poland, lower position is associated with greater self-confidence and less anxiety.

3A-09.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski.  1983. "Status Inconsistency and the  Reduction of Social Inequalities." Current Sociological Perspectives, Vol. 2,   No. 1: 18-31.

 Preprinted (1978), pp. 103-121, in  Polish Sociological  Association (Ed.),  Social Structure--Polish   Sociology 1977. Wroclaw:  Ossolineum. (See  2B-03)

 Also published (1983) in Angewandte Socialforschung, 11  Jahrgang, Heft 2-3:185-194  Wien: Arbeitsgemeinschaft für  Interdissiplinare Angewandte Sozialforschung.

 Japanese translation (1979):  The Osaka University Review of Economics and Law, No. 7: 131-  147.

 Italian translation (1981):  Pp. 228-242 in G. Giampaglia and G.  Ragone (eds.), La Teria dello Equilibrio di Status. Napoli: Liguori Editore.

 Note: This article was first published (1975) in Polish as "Zmniejszanie Nierownosci Spolecznych a Rozbieznosc Czynnikow Statusu." Studia Socjologiczne, No. 56(1): 35-46 [See 4A-06]

We introduce two general concepts of ‘simple' and ‘complex' reduction of social inequalities.  By simple reduction we mean leveling out of a particular social attribute.  In quantitative terms this is equivalent to the decrease of a variance of a given variable. The general status is defined as the average of the standardized position that an individual occupies in various dimensions of social differentiation.  The elements of general status are, for example: education, professional skills, responsibility, income, standard of living, consumption of cultural goods, prestige, and so on.  However, having standardized the particular positions, one can discuss a leveling of social inequalities in the sense that general statuses have smaller variance. A smaller variance in global statuses can be obtained by combining the high values of elements of status with the low ones.  Therefore, complex reduction of social inequalities would imply a frequent occurrence of status inconsistency.  Using this framework, we show that Polish society is characterized by a large degree of status consistency.  In addition, we argue that status inconsistency has some positive psychological effects on individuals.

3A-10.  Tadeusz K. Krauze and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1985.  "How far to Meritocracy?  Empirical Tests of a Controversial Thesis."  Social Forces, Vol. 63, No. 3: 623-642.

The meritocratic thesis states that a strong association between individual "merit" and social rewards is inherent in highly industrialized society.  A simple model of meritocratic allocation is proposed and applied to provide empirical assessment of "how far to meritocracy?" from empirical reality.  The model, conceptualized as an ideal type of meritocracy, incorporates the principle according to which more educated persons do not have lower status than less educated ones.  Assuming that a meritocratic society should resemble its ideal type, we have formulated three testable hypotheses involving status mobility within educational groups, status determination by education, and status inequality among educational groups.  The tests consist of evaluating the discrepancies between the data on the US total labor force and the model.  All three hypotheses implying that American society is close to meritocracy are rejected.

3A-11.  Miller, Joanne, Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, and Melvin L. Kohn.  1985. "Continuity of Learning-Generalization:  the Effect of Job on Men's Intellective Processes in the United States and Poland." American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 91, No.3: 593-615.

 Reprinted (1986), pp. 176-202,  in  Carmi Schooler and K. Warner  Schaie (Eds.), Cognitive  Functioning and Social Structure  over the Life Course. Norwood, New Jersey: Ablex. [See 3B-06]

 Reprinted (1987), pp. 79-107, in Jeylan T. Mortimer and Kathryn M. Borman (Eds.), Work  Experience and Psychological  Development Through the Life Span. Boulder: Westview Press. [See 3B-07]

Data from both the United States and Poland show that the effect of occupational self-direction on intellective process is similar for younger, middle-aged, and older workers. Multiple-regression analyses of cross-sectional data consistently indicate that the job conditions determinative of occupational self-direction, the substantive complexity of work in particular, have as great an effect on the ideational flexibility and authoritarian conservatism of older as on those of younger and middle-aged workers in both countries. Longitudinal analyses of U.S. data demonstrate that the reciprocal effects of the substantive complexity of work and intellective process are as great for older as for younger workers. All the evidence supports the conclusion that job conditions continue to affect, and be affected by, intellective process with undiminished force throughout adult life.

3A-12.   Kohn, Melvin L. , Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Carrie Schoenbach.  1986. "Social Stratification and the Transmission of Values in the Family: A Cross-National Assessment."  Sociological Forum, Vol. 1, No. 1: 73-102.

For both the US and Poland, we develop measurement models of the family's social stratification position and of parents' and children's valuation of self-direction.  We find that the relationship between parents' and children's values is much stronger than past studies had indicated.  In both countries the family's stratification position has an impressive bearing on the values of its adolescent and young-adult offsprings.  Much of this impact is through social stratification affecting parents' values, and parents' values, in turn, affecting children's values.  Social stratification affects parental values primarily because of the impact of parents' occupational self-direction on their values.  Although parents' and children's values may be reciprocally related, the predominant effects are from parents' to children's values.  The one notable cross-national difference we find is in the relative roles of fathers and mothers in the intergenerational transmission of values.  In the US fathers play at least as important a role as mothers do.  In Poland, mothers play the predominant role.

3A-13.  Tadeusz K. Krauze and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1986.  "Matrix Representation of Structural and Circulation Mobility."  Sociological Methods and Research,  Vol. 14, No. 3: 247-269.

The conceptual foundation of the traditional approach to social mobility is compactly expressed in the equality, "circulation mobility = total mobility - structural mobility."  For more than two decades, this equality has been used without specifying the frequencies that express structural mobility.   In contrast with common research practice, we analyze the matrix from the classic equality.  We provide a representation of structural and circulation mobility that meets face validity criteria, is theoretically grounded, and fulfills formal postulates.  The matrix of observed mobility (N) is decomposed into the sum of three nonnegative matrices: immobility (I), structural mobility (S), and circulation mobility (C).  The new decomposition N = I + S + C, based on linear programming, has various realistic and meaningful properties and interpretations.

3A-14.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Grazyna Kacprowicz.  1986. "Subjective Evaluation of Social Status."   International Journal of Sociology, Vol.  16, No 1-2: 124-143.

 Reprinted (1986), pp. 124-143, in Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Tadeusz K.  Krauze (Eds.),  Social  Stratification in Poland.  Eight Empirical Studies.  (1986). Armonk, N.Y.:  M.E. Sharpe.
 [See 1B-03]

 Note: This article was first published (1985) in Polish as "Subiektywna Ocena Pozycji Spolecznej: Jej Pomiar i Determinanty," Kultura i Spoleczenstwo, Vol. 39, No. 4: 49-65 [see 4A-09]

To gauge the subjective evaluation of social status we utilize an inferential measurement procedure.  This procedure is based on the assumption that the overall status evaluation can be expressed as a function of self-appraisals of status components, such as education, occupational skills, nature of work, participation in management, social prestige, income and consumption of cultural goods.  In our model, these specific self-appraisals are treated as indicators.  In the confirmatory factor analysis, overall status evaluation is inferred from these indicators and is conceived of as a latent variable. Our analyses of data from the 1965, 1976, and 1980 Lodz studies show that (1) this latent variable has three closely interrelated subdimesions: knowledge, occupation, and rewards, (2) the subjective evaluation of social status obtained by means of answers to a single question does not provide an adequate representation of self-appraisals of status components, and (3) the correlation of objective status, measured by education, occupation, and income, with its global subjective evaluation is high and stable through a long period of time.  At the end of the paper, we discuss substantive and methodological implications of our findings.

3A-15.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. 1986.  "The Attainment of Occupational Status: A Model with Multiple Indicator Constructs."  International Journal of Sociology,  Vol. 16, No. 1-2: 78-104

 Reprinted (1986), pp. 78-104, in Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Tadeusz K. Krauze (eds.), Social Stratification in Poland.  Eight Empirical Studies.  Armonk,  N.Y.:  M.E. Sharpe.
 [See 1B-03]

This analysis is directed toward an explication of educational and occupational attainment, using the multiple indicator conceptualization of both types of attainment.  Years of schooling and type of education are used to measure the educational level of fathers and respondents at the beginning of their work careers.  Occupational Status is defined by three scales: skill requirements, complexity of work, and socioeconomic rewards.  The basic model of attainment including these indicators shows intricate relationships between ascribed and achieved characteristics.  For Polish men, aged 19 to 65, living in cities, the ascribed characteristics (father's education and father's occupation) have strong impact on their education and first job, presumably due to close family ties during early adulthood.  Since the father's education and father's occupation affect the son's starting occupational status, and sons do eventually change their jobs, the net intergenerational effect on the son's current status is small.  The father-son correlation implied by three scales (skill requirements, complexity of work, and socioeconomic rewards) is .229.  This is a lower value than the usually found in Western Europe or the United States.
 

3A-16.  Tadeusz K. Krauze and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski. 1986.   "Social Mobility: Actual, Perceived, and Equitable."  International Journal of Sociology, Vol. 6, No 1-2: 174-189.

 Reprinted (1986), pp. 174-189, in Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Tadeusz K. Krauze (eds.), Social Stratification in Poland.  Eight Empirical Studies.  Armonk,  N.Y.:  M.E. Sharpe.
 [See 1B-03]

In this paper we pose three research questions: (1) To what extent is the actual mobility regime distorted in social consciousness? (2) To what extent is the equitable mobility regime different from the perceived one? (3) To what extent does the actual mobility regime depart from the equitable one?  In the theoretical part of the paper we show that answers to these questions are interpretable in terms of "popular perception," "justice evaluation," and "folk-norm legitimacy."  By performing appropriate algebraic operations on the matrices of actual, perceived, and equitable mobility, we formalize some aspects of these concepts to measure the degree of false consciousness, the degree of the feeling of injustice, and the degree of illegitimacy in the domain of social mobility.  Then, in the empirical part of the paper, we use data on actual mobility collected in 1982 from 1927 persons representing adult population of Poland, and data on subjective mobility collected in the same year from 280 students of the Warsaw University.  We show that, net of marginal effects, the matrices of actual, perceived and equitable mobility do not differ very much from each other.  Within a small range of differences the measure of false consciousness has a smaller value than the measure of illegitimacy, which is still smaller than the measure of feeling of injustice.

3A-17.  Naoi, Atsushi and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1986.  "The Yasuda Index of Social Mobility:  A Proposal for its Modification."   Riron To Hoho  (Sociological  Theory and Methods), Vol. 1, No. 1:  87-99.

The Yasuda index Y is based on a representation of "pure" mobility that contradicts fundamental assumptions underlying the definition of mobility components.  Using a matrix representation of pure mobility the index is modified so that it retains its theoretical appeal and validity.  Under the proposed modification the index is a ratio of the two amounts of pure mobility -- that which is extracted from the matrix of observed mobility and that which is extracted from the corresponding matrix of "perfect mobility."  For a given matrix of observed transitions both quantities are determinable by means of linear programming.

3A-18.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  and Tadeusz K. Krauze. 1987.  "Cross-National Similarity in Social Mobility Patterns:  A Direct Test of the Featherman-Jones-Hauser Hypothesis." American Sociological Review, Vol. 52, No. 5: 598-611.

In 1975, Featherman, Jones, and Hauser formulated the hypothesis that national patterns of circulation mobility are basically the same, while national patterns of observed mobility differ.  This hypothesis has often been tested and generally confirmed by means of multiplicative models.  Previous tests have been indirect because the relationship of the circulation-mobility pattern to the underlying circulation mobility frequencies remained unspecified.  Using the linear programming approach, we determine circulation-mobility frequencies.  Patterns for both observed and circulation mobility are expressed in terms of proportions, rates, and odd ratios.  A re-analysis of data for 16 national samples demonstrates that, across countries, the patterns of circulation mobility are less similar than the patterns of observed mobility.  An additional analysis for 22 countries shows that odds ratios computed from circulation-mobility frequencies correlate with macrostructural characteristics of societies.  The results provide strong evidence against the tested hypothesis.

3A-19.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. , Tadeusz K. Krauze and Zbigniew Peradzynski.   1988.  "The Dynamics of Status Trajectory:  A Model and Its Empirical Assessment."  European Sociological Review, Vol. 4, No. 1: 46-64.

An allocation of persons to jobs which maximizes the strength of the relationship between education and status allow us to formulate and utilize a new hypothetical construct, called "meritocratic status."  We argue that in the course of an occupational career actual status depends on meritocratic status and its increment.  An average trajectory of actual status for cohorts is modeled by means of a first order differential equation with two parameters.  The first parameter measures the rate of convergence of actual status to meritocratic status, while the second parameter reflects the degree of departure from "pure meritocracy."  Empirical assessment of the model is based on retrospective job histories collected in the 1976 and 1980 surveys of Polish urban males.  Trajectories of actual status for cohorts distinguished by the period of entry into the labor force are well explained by the model.

3A-20.  Kohn, Melvin L.,  Atsushi Naoi, Carrie Schoenbach,  Carmi Schooler and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1990.   "Position in the Class Structure and Psychological Functioning in the United States, Japan, and Poland." American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 95, No. 4:  964-1008.

This article conceptualizes and indexes social class for a Western capitalist country (the United States), a non-Western capitalist country (Japan), and a socialist country (Poland).  The idea that social classes are to be distinguished in terms of ownership, control of the means of production, and control over the labor power of others is adapted to the historical, cultural, economic, and political circumstances of each country.  It is hypothesized that men who are more advantageously located in the class structure of their society are more likely to value self-direction for their children, to be intellectually flexible, and to be self-directed in their orientations than men who are less advantageously located.  This hypothesis is strikingly confirmed.  The hypothesis that occupational self-direction plays a crucial role in explaining the psychological effect of social class in all three countries is also confirmed.  There was no firm basis for hypothesizing the relationship between social class and a sense of distress.  The pattern is cross-nationally inconsistent, in part because occupational self-direction does not have the cross-nationally consistent effect on the sense of distress that it has on other facets of psychological functioning.

3A-21.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.,  Melvin L. Kohn,  Krystyna Janicka, Bogdan W. Mach and Wojciech Zaborowski.  1992.   "Social Structure and Psychological Functioning under the Conditions  of Social  Change:  Theoretical Approach and Research Strategy."  Sisyphus--Social Studies, Vol. 14:  36-52.

The 1978 Polish study of the relationship between social structure and psychological functioning confirmed that persons who are more advantageously located in the class system are more likely to value self-direction for their children, to be intellectually flexible, and to be self-directed in their orientations than men who are less advantageously located.  However, at that time the working class was less distressed that nonmanual segment of the labor force, the decisive difference between Poland and advanced capitalist countries.  Are these patterns present in Polish society after the 1989 change of political and economic system?  In this paper we provide theoretical approach and research strategy for a study planned to be conducted in 1992.

3A-22.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  and Jang-Hwang Lee.  1993. "The Nomenklatura System  in Poland, 1978-1987: A Case of Political Segmentation of the Labor Force."  Polish Sociological Review,  No.  4 (104): 281-291.

In the 1950s in Eastern Europe the Communist Party exerted control over all important jobs through the Nomenklatura system.  This paper investigates how the gradual disintegration of the party apparatus and how the legitimacy crises affect the role of the Nomenklatura system in determining income.  Using survey data collected in Poland in 1978 and 1987, the effect of the Nomenklatura system on income distribution is compared over time.  We find that rapid social change in Poland led to a disintegration of the income-determination mechanism based on human capital factors.  The Nomenklatura system is found to have successfully pursued its interests through the process of restructuring income-determination mechanism; over time, the net effect of the Nomenklatura system increased.  However, the Nomenklatura system enhanced the human capital of incumbents, even in face of growing erosion in the ideological and economic hegemony of the party-state.

3A-23.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Bogdan W. Mach. 1996.  The Impact of Psychological Resources on Status Attainment:  Poland, 1978-1980 and 1992-1993."   Polish Sociological Review,  No.  4 (116): 337-352.

Using two cross-sectional surveys we show that among men aged 21-65 intergenerational "social inheritance" -- expressed through a father-son correlation of occupational status -- has diminished in the last fifteen years.  Our analyses focus on the impact of education as well as intellectual flexibility and valuation of self-direction on occupational attainment.  We demonstrate that Polish society became more meritocratic in the sense that the "net" relationship between intellectual flexibility and occupational status has been strengthened.  Using panel data on two cohorts -- aged 27-31 and more than 45 -- we discovered that most important for an individual's occupational career is the respondent's education determined not only by intellectual flexibility but also by valuation of self-direction.   Both these psychological variables play a pivotal role in the entire process of educational and occupational attainment.

3A-24.  Kohn,  Melvin L., Kazimierz M. Slomczynski, Krystyna Janicka,  Valeri Khmielko, Bogdan W. Mach, Vladimir Paniotto, Wojciech Zaborowski, Roberto Gutierrez, and Cory Heyman. 1997. "Social Structure and Personality under Conditions of Radical Social Change:  A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Ukraine."  American Sociological Review, Vol. 62 (August): 614-638.

Does the relationship between social structure and personality during times of apparent social stability obtain as well under conditions of radical social change?  There are good reasons to think that it might not.  To find out, we conducted surveys in Poland and Ukraine during 1992-1993, with dramatic results.  In those respects in which the socialist Poland of 1978 had shown a pattern of relationships similar to that of the capitalist United States and Japan -- notably, the relationship of social structure to self-directedness of orientation -- the pattern remains the same; but where socialist Poland in 1978 had differed from the United States and Japan -- notably, in the relationship of social structure to a sense of distress -- Poland now fully exemplifies the capitalist pattern.  Ukraine seems to be following a similar trajectory, albeit at a slower pace.

3A-25.  Slomozynski, Kazimierz M.  and Goldie Shabad.  1997. "Systemic Transformation and the Salience of  Class Structure in East Central Europe."  East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 11 (Winter):  155-189.

The first episode of radical social change in East European societies initiated by the establishment of single-party rule and the transition from a semi-capitalist to a state socialist economy simplified considerably the social structure of these societies.  As the basic features of a centrally planned and state-owned economy were institutionalized, as the political segmentation of the labor market become entrenched, and as a structural adjustment took place, "real existing socialism" was marked by an increasing complex class structure.  By the last decade of communist rule, class membership bore a significant relationship to the distribution of valued goods and to access and control over political resources and power.  In the present period of radical social change, the class structure once again undergoing a dramatic transformation.  In this paper we focus on three aspects of this transformation in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.  First, we show a new class composition resulting from privatization of economy and its consequences.  Second, we show an increasing class-based inequality in terms of formal education, occupational rank, and income.  Third, we show that three social classes--managers, experts, and supervisors--have gained in recent years.  This is reflected in these class groups' greater sense of well being, openness to change, and support for the values underlying a capitalist economy.  In contrast, the working class--the proclaimed social vanguard under the old order--has been harmed.

3A-26.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  and Bogdan W. Mach. 1997.  "Dissolution of the Socialist Working Class in  Poland,  Hungary, and the Czech Republic:  A Myth or Reality?"  Sisyphus -- Social Studies, Vol. X:  93-117.

In this paper we document an initial phase in the long-term process of the dissolution of the socialist working class in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.  We interpret cross-national variation of this process in terms of three guiding hypotheses: political self-destruction, lagged effect of gray economy, and latecomer's price. To test these hypotheses we explore the data from national surveys conducted in Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic in 1978-1988 and 1991-1994. Using these data, we portray the working class position in the socialist system, as compared to other social classes.  Then, we depict what position the working class occupied at the beginning of the transformation and quantify different forms of dissolution of the socialist working class. Finally, we describe the subjective response to relative changes in the working class position.  Cross-national comparisons show that the hypothesis of political self-destruction provides the best explanation of dissolution of the socialist working class in Poland.  The hypothesis of effect of gray economy cannot be refuted for Hungary.  The socialist working class in the Czech Republic paid a price of being latecomer.

3A-27.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  and Goldie Shabad. 1997.  "Continuity and Change in Political Socialization in Poland."  Comparative Education Review, Vol.  41 (No. 1): 44-70.

In this paper we address two questions directly relevant to civic education reform in Poland.  First, what are the relative levels of support for democracy and a market economy among students, teachers, and parents in postcommunist Poland?  Second, what is the relative impact of two key determinants of support for democracy and the market -- structural characteristics and psychological dispositions -- among Polish students and adults?  We analyze original data on a sample of 295 students aged 13-14 before they were exposed to the new civic education course and a sample of 53 teachers before they began teaching the course.  In addition, we utilize data from other surveys in which respondents were students and their parents.  Our study shows that with respect of support for democracy and a market economy, neither the cultural legacy of the past nor the emergent ideology sway.  Even teachers who volunteer to participate in the new civic education program did not wholeheartedly embrace basic elements of democratic rule and a market economy.  Our study also shows that, at the individual level, support for democracy and a market economy is affected both by one's position in the social structure and psychological dispositions.  Such findings may lead to skepticism about the degree to which efforts to inculcate democratic and market norms, even among young, are likely to be successful.

3A-28.  Osborn, Elizabeth and Kazimierz M.Slomczynski. 1997. "Becoming an Entreprenueur  in Poland,  1949-1993:   Recruitment Patterns and Professionalization Processes."  Polish Sociological Review,  No.  3 (119) :  249-265.

Using retrospective data from surveys on work histories, we investigate who becomes an entrepreneur during various periods after World War II.  We demonstrate that in early periods, 1949-1958 and 1959-1968, recruitment patterns involve a large proportion of entrepreneurs who inherited their position.  In 1978-1988 and 1989-1993, we observe a shift in recruitment patterns from those based on ascription to those based on achievement: father's position becomes less important and education becomes more important.  The main thesis of this paper is that in Poland professionalization processes of the entrepreneurial class were parallel to the transformation of the recruitment patterns.  We consider three dimensions of professionalization processes: the development of specialized education, establishment of new associations and organizations, and enhancement of social status.

3A-29.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  1998.  "Comparative Studies on Public Opinion in Eastern Europe:  Substantive and Methodological Matters." (Guest Editor's Introduction).  International Journal of Sociology,  Vol . 28 (No. 2): 3-11.

This paper introduces the contributions in this special issue of the International Journal of Sociology and demonstrates their usefulness for elucidating a tabula rasa hypothesis as it applies to public opinion in Eastern Europe. This hypothesis states that an unexpected revolution in communist societies caught people unprepared for a transition to democracy and a free market economy and this state of affairs is manifested in weakly interrelated and frailly determined  socio-political orientations.  Papers  contained in this issue provide mixed results with respect to  a tabula rasa hypothesis, calling for its reformulation.  In addition, these papers are used to illustrate problems in detecting sources of inter-country variation, in establishing a functional equivalence of measurement, and in examining the timing of events.  Both the substantive and methodological matters are discussed in the context of current research on the transition from a communist system to democracy and a free market economy.

3A-30.   Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.,  Wojciech Zaborowski, and Bogdan W. Mach. 1998.  "Social Structure and Aversion to Systemic Change:  A Comparative Analysis of Poland and Ukraine."  International Journal of Sociology,  Vol. 28 (No. 2):  91-114.

Analyses of survey data in Poland and Ukraine at the initial phase of transition from post-communist system to democracy and a free market economy reveal that aversion to systemic change is significantly related to fatalism.  Those people who are fatalistic in their psychological outlook tend to be against systemic change while non-fatalistic people tend to support systemic change. However, even if fatalism is controlled, aversion to systemic change is stronger among manual workers than among members of other social classes, although economic success and education reduce the impact of class position.  In addition, women rather than men and older people rather than younger people reveal a relatively strong aversion to systemic change. Ukrainians are not only more averse to systemic change but also their attitudes toward change are, to a lesser degree than in the case of Poles, determined by structural and socio-demographic variables. Both in Poland and Ukraine, people who live in relatively modern regions of their country are less averse to systemic change than people who live in relatively backward regions.

3A-31.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M. and Goldie Shabad.  1998.  "Reconfiguration of Eastern Europe After the Fall of Communism: An Overview."  (Guest Editors' Introduction).    International Journal of Sociology,  Vol .  28 (No. 3): 3-14.

This paper introduces the reader to a special issue of the International Journal of Sociology devoted to the processes of dissolution and formation of state structures, as well as inter-state integration. We show that the new post-communist countries of the former Soviet Union are based upon diversified political arrangements which seek to balance legality and legitimacy.  The only country claiming its continuation of the former Soviet Union is Russia.  Secession and formation of the Baltic states differed from those of Ukraine, Belorus, and Moldova. Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia provide good examples of contrasting processes of state dismantling and formation of new states.  The incorporation of  East Germany into the Federal Republic of Germany not only meant the demise of the former communist country but also the creation of a new Germany. At the end of this paper, we discuss the stateness issue in the context of the integration of some post-communist countries with supra-national organizations, particularly the European Union.

3A-32.  Mach, Bogdan W., Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wojciech Zaborowski. 1998. "The Alliance of Poland with Western Europe: How Polish Euro-Enthusiasts and Euro-Skeptics Change Their Opinions."   International Journal of Sociology,  Vol .  28 (No. 3): 74-91.

This paper presents results of an empirical study pertaining to popular support for European integration by the Polish population.  On the basis of a survey conducted in 1995 on a national sample of men and women, two extreme groups were distinguished: Euro-enthusiasts and Euro-skeptics.  Both groups were re-interviewed in 1997.  Analysis of the panel data focuses on how many people change their opinions and beliefs pertaining to European integration, what factors influence such a change, and how this change is related to other opinions and beliefs.  The results show that the transition from the category of Euro-skeptics to the category of Euro-enthusiasts is more frequent than that in the opposite direction. The transition toward support of European integration is statistically determined by  exposure to the West, a belief that a present Poland is a better country in which to live than Poland in the past, and right-wing political self-identification. This transition is significantly correlated with political orientations supportive of political strategies for the integration of Poland with the European Union.

3A-33.  Slomczynski, Kazimierz M.  and Goldie Shabad.  1998.  "Can Support for Democracy and the Market Be Learned in School?  A Natural Experiment in Post-Communist Poland."  Political Psychology,  Vol . 19 (No. 4): 749-779.

A new program in civic education was introduced in Poland in 1994 to foster support for democracy and a market economy among youth.  This program was based on the active teaching/learning model of education, with frequent student participation in "democratic games" and "market simulations."  This paper focuses on a sample of students, aged 14 to 15, who participated in this program and contrast them with students subjected to the traditional civics program.  The main analysis of cross sectional data (gathered in 1996) reveals two countervailing effects: Relative to students in the control group, students in the treatment group were less likely to take extreme anti-democratic or extreme anti-market positions, and they were less likely to take extreme pro-democratic or extreme pro-market positions.  Additional analysis of panel data (1994-1996) supports the conclusion that active participation in civic education results in students' political attitudes regressing toward the mean, that is, in their rejection of extreme stances.  These findings not only contradict the no-effect hypothesis but also demonstrate a peculiar, partially intended and partially unintended, impact of civic education in schools on political learning.

3A-34.  Goldie Shabad and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1999.  "Political Identities in the Initial Phase of Systemic Transformation in Poland: A Test of the Tabula Rasa Hypothesis."  Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 32: 690-723.

The picture that is typically drawn of politics in post communist Eastern Europe is one of disarray.  This disorder is often attributed to the particular difficulty both party elites and mass publics have encountered in constructing political identities congruent with the new environment of competitive politics and market economy.  The basic premise of this paper is that, even under conditions of great fluidity and uncertainty, individuals can and do form meaningful political identities.   These identities are expressed through the pattern of voting choices that individuals make over the course of successive national elections.  We based our analysis on a 1993 panel survey on a national sample of the adult population first interviewed in 1988.  We show that when political identity is conceptualized in a dynamic manner, the majority of the Polish electorate exhibit patterns of electoral choice that confirm well to interpretable types of political identity.  We further demonstrate that such political identities are shaped by social group membership as well as by individuals' political experiences under Communism.  We also show that these identities, in turn, shape individuals' political orientations toward crucial issues related to the systemic transformation of their society.  In short, there is more "structure" to post-communist mass politics than meets the eye. Therefore,  the tabula rasa hypothesis should be rejected.

3A-35.  Nataliya Pohorila and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski. 1999. "Individual Income Gains and Losses in Ukraine, 1993-1996: A Test of the Human Capital and Mental Adjustment Hypotheses."  International Journal of Sociology, Vol. 29 (No. 4): 54-76.

Using the 1993-1996 panel data from the national Ukrainian survey, we test two complementary hypotheses pertaining to income determinants and income change.  First, we stipulate that despite a slow pace of economic reforms, during the initial phase of the post-communist transition, the impact of education on income increases in time.  Second, we hypothesize that support for systemic change at the beginning of the process is an important determinant of further income gains or losses.  Our analysis shows that neither hypothesis can be rejected on the statistical grounds.  Indeed, the correlation of education with income increased substantially from very low to moderate.  The impact of support for systemic change appeared to be positively associated with income gains at a significant level.  Both these effects remain noticeable even if they are controlled for other variables, gender and age included.  In the paper, we discuss theoretical implications of our main findings, emphasizing that individuals' attitudes toward systemic change should be considered in a broad context of values conducive to the development of market economy.

In a comparative analysis of Poland and Ukraine, we extend the often-confirmed hypothesis that the substantive complexity of work in paid employment substantially affects (and is affected by) fundamental dimensions of personality. The extended hypothesis encompasses not only the complexity of work, whether in paid employment or in the household, but even the complexity of activities of the unemployed and pensioners. We hypothesize that the complexity of activities in any important realm of life is substantially related to personality. We test this hypothesis under conditions that pose a particularly exacting test-conditions of radical social change. We find that complexity of activities in all these realms is substantially and significantly related to intellectual flexibility, self-directedness of orientation, and a sense of well-being or distress for both men and women. The consonance of these findings with those of earlier longitudinal and simulated longitudinal analyses of the complexity of work and personality strongly implies that the relationships of the complexity of activities and personality are similarly reciprocal, even if the activities are not ordinarily thought of as "work."

Distributive justice theories pertain to how a society should allocate its scarce resources among individuals and families with competing needs or claims.  Since the publication of John Rawl’s magisterial A Theory of Justice (1971), there has been a renaissance in debates in political philosophy about the normative question “who should get what and why.”  In this paper, we refer to theoretical arguments developed by Amartya Sen, Ronald Dworkin, Michael Walzer, and John E. Roemer in order to show that this question can be bridged with a central positive question in social stratification studies “who gets what and why.”  One of the most interesting aspects of theories in political philosophy is that each takes into account some bundles of resources.  In consequence, an individual could receive different kinds of resources in different amounts.  By providing a link between the main types of resources identified in distributive justice theories and distinguishable status dimensions, we analyze the problem of status inconsistency in a new theoretical framework.  Within this framework, we ask: What kind of status congruence do distributive justice theories apply?  We show that, under feasible assumptions, neither the utilitarian no the egalitarian theories of distributive justice exclude status inconsistencies.  We also show that some specific theories, Walzer’s theory in particular, imply a discrepancy among status components.  Empirically, we demonstrate that people’s tolerance of status inconsistency is large enough to provide some support for different distributive justice solutions, including complex equality.

2002.  Shorten version (in Polish): “Kto Jeszcze Lubi Socjalizm i Dlaczego?” (Who Likes Socialism and Why]. Pp. 237-243 in Kultura - Polityka - Osobowosc (Culture - Politics - Personality), edited by Piotr Chmielewski, Tadeusz Krauze, and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski   Warsaw: Scholar.

In Poland, ten years after the collapse of the socialist (communist) system, about one-third of the adult population expressed positive attitudes toward the past system. In this article, we attempt to analyze the determinants of positive assessment of socialism and its changes through time. We use the data from a panel survey, conducted in Poland in 1987-88, 1993, and 1998, among adult men and women (N = 1,760). Results suggest that, although the overall proportion of persons providing positive assessments of socialism is relatively stable over time, different people make this assessment at the time of each data collection. Generally, those who are winners in the transition—managers, experts, owners, and supervisors—are likely to shift from a positive to a negative assessment of socialism. In contrast, those who are losers in the transition—farmers, unemployed, and retirees and pensioners—are likely to shift from a negative to a positive assessment of socialism. These findings support the self-interest and rational-choice theories.

“This study examines the dynamics of citizen support for European integration in Poland.  Using data from 1995 and 1998 surveys and from a three-wave panel study, we find that, as in Western Europe, both utilitarian calculations of self-interest and political considerations are equally important determinants of support for membership in the European Union.  Moreover, between 1995 and 1998 there was considerable polarization of opinion among economic, partisan and ideological lines.  We also consider the impact of pro-democratic and pro-capitalist values on support for integration.  Our results show that, all things being equal, such values are significant predictors of European Union support.  In addition, they have a strong impact on individual-level stability and change in attitudes toward Poland joining the European Union.”

The development of stable partisan commitments among political elites is crucial for party-system institutionalization in the new democracies of post-communist Europe.  Little is known, however, about the partisan behavior of those who compete for national office.  This study beings to fill this gap through an analysis of inter-party mobility among all candidates who ran for the lower house of parliament in two pairs of consecutive elections in Poland (1991-3 and 1993-7) in three pairs of consecutive elections in the Czech Republic (1990-2, 1992-6 and 1996-8).  We consider the overall extent of inter-party mobility, structural versus voluntary components of mobility, patterns of movement between types of parties and electoral payoffs of stable and shifting partisan afflictions.  Although the overall rate of party-switching has declined in substantially in the Czech Republic but not in Poland, changes in other characteristics of inter-party mobility indicate that party-system institutionalization is taking place in both countries.

3. Papers in English
3B. Chapters in Edited Volumes

3B-01.  Wesolowski, Wlodzimierz and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1969.  "Social Stratification in Polish  Cities." Pp. 175-211 in John A. Jackson (ed.),  Sociological Studies I: Social Stratification.  Cambridge:  Cambridge University Press.

This paper is devoted to social inequality in the following dimensions: educational attainment, earnings and family income, housing and possession of durable goods, and cultural consumption. On the basis of  data collected in 1964-1967 in Koszalin, Szczecin and Lodz, the differences among occupational groups are analyzed.  In addition, some results regarding social consciousness are presented.

3B-02.  Wlodzimierz Wesolowski and Kazimierz M. Slomczynski.  1978 .  "Theoretical Orientation in the Study of Class Structure in Poland, 1945-1975."   Pp. 7-34 in Polish Sociological Association (ed.), Social Structure -- Polish Sociology 1977. Wroclaw: Ossolineum.

Since 1956 a favorable climate for sociological research has opened the way for expansion of sociological centers and resulted in projects covering almost all fields of sociology.  Research on class structure made up a substantial part of those projects.  The development of empirical research has been paralleled and stimulated by theoretical consideration.  Three main approaches applied in studying class structure are analyzed in this article--those of Stanislaw Ossowski, Julian Hochfeld, and Jan Szczepanski.  It is claimed that these approaches are complementary rather than contradictory.

3B-03.  Kazimierz M. Slomczynski and Wlodzimierz Wesolowski.  1978. "Reduction of Social Inequalities an